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"Critical Thinking (Original Book 12th Edition)" Author: [US] Brooke Noel Moore / [US] Richard Parker Publisher: Machinery Industry Press
"Critical Thinking (Original Book 12th Edition)" Author: [US] Brooke Noel Moore / [US] Richard Parker Publisher: Machinery Industry Press
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Description
Introduction · · · · · ·
21 Thinking Fallacies
Correlation Fallacy
1. Ad hominem fallacy – attempting to refute an argument by discussing the source of a position rather than addressing the position.
2. Straw Man Fallacy – refutation of an opponent by distorting his or her point of view.
3. False Dilemma - attempts to present options that are unacceptable, unattainable, or unbelievable, from which the conclusion must be chosen.
4. Shifting the burden of proof – supporting or proving one’s own position by putting the burden of proof on the other party.
5. Begging the question - repackaging the controversial point as "evidence" for presentation.
6. Appeals to emotion – “supporting” an argument by appealing to our emotions rather than giving a real argument.
7. Irrelevant conclusions – fallacies of relevance that are difficult to classify into the above categories.
Nondeductive fallacy
8. Fallacy of Generalization – making hasty generalizations, generalizing from exceptions.
9. Weak analogies – providing arguments based on controversial or unimportant similarities between things.
10. False Appeal to Authority – Attempting to support a claim by citing non-authoritative sources.
11. Wrong appeal to the public - citing public opinion to deal with issues that cannot be resolved by public opinion.
12. The fallacy of seeking causation - assuming that there is a causal relationship between successive events or between two variables that appear at the same time.
13. Slippery slope - warnings that something will develop gradually towards an undesirable outcome without supporting evidence.
14. Untestable Interpretations – Expressing opinions based on untestable interpretations.
Formal and linguistic fallacies
15. Three formal fallacies: affirmation of the consequent, negation of the antecedent, and incomplete middle term.
16. Equivocation and ambiguity fallacies - a word or phrase that appears multiple times in the same argument can be interpreted in different ways.
17. Composition and decomposition fallacy - misattributing characteristics of an object's parts to the whole, or vice versa.
18. Confusing explanation with justification – attempting to provide a reason or defense for an event by assuming an explanation for how or why an event occurred.
19. Confusing opposing relationships with contradictory relationships - failing to note that contradictory propositions cannot both be true and false, while propositions in opposing relationships cannot both be true but can both be false.
20. Consistency and Inconsistency – Inconsistent beliefs are inconsistent, but this does not constitute a refutation of any belief held.
21. Miscalculation of probability – incorrect combination of the probability of independent events, gambler’s fallacy, neglect of prior probability and incorrect inductive transposition.
About the Author
Brooke Noel Moore
Moore and Parker have been teaching philosophy at California State University, Chico, for many years. They have been teaching courses in logic and critical thinking. Moore has also taught epistemology and analytic philosophy, and he has served as chair of the philosophy department and has been named a distinguished professor at the school.
Moore studied music at Antioch University and received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Cincinnati. He is an amateur volleyball player. He lives with his wife and three dogs.
Richard Parker
Parker studied undergraduate at the University of Arkansas and received his doctorate from the University of Washington. Parker also teaches modern history of philosophy and philosophy of law. He is the chairman of the school's academic review committee and was the director of undergraduate education. He drives an MG car, rides a motorcycle, likes to play golf, billiards, and Spanish guitar. He and Alicia live in southern Spain for a period of time every year.
Moore and Parker have always been close friends.
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